Problem of Domestic Abuse against Women

Introduction It has been reported that domestic abuse against women is highly prevalent and statistics indicate that one in four women suffer from such issues within the home (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 95). Domestic abuse has been described as involving actions such as physical violence, emotional, sexual and financial abuse. Despite the fact that such crimes go largely unreported, domestic abuse forms a significant proportion of all violent crime in the UK (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 95).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problem of Domestic Abuse against Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the risk involved in such abuse the main reason the crimes remain unreported can be attributed due to fears such as financial repercussions, fear of more violence, fear of losing children and their homes (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 96). However, despite this reality it has been established that the subje cts often suffer significant emotional and physical effects from abuse in both the short and long term (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 106). For this reason it has been observed that many women in abusive relationships tend to make efforts that aim to make them independent of the abuser. Unfortunately the existing health, legal and social resources available to support women do not have alternative strategies other than leaving the relationship (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 107). Though the approach has been successful at allowing the women to gain independence and safety, this has been achieved at significant personal emotional and financial cost to both the women and their children (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 107). In light of this therefore it is apparent that there is a need to increase public awareness on the fact that domestic abuse is intolerable and unacceptable. Such a statement by extension suggests a need to reconsider how gender is considered in the wider societal context a nd how this supports abuse of women in the home (Bostock, Plumpton and Pratt 108). It is hoped that such an action would be useful in developing a mutually respectful culture and help identify abusers earlier in relationships with the goal of reducing abuse. The impact of domestic violence In the decade of the 90’s domestic violence received considerable attention and shifted from a criminal issue to a social problem and more recently a healthcare problem (Gerlock 373). This is due to evidence that suggests domestic violence may be responsible for a number of health problems in society. This has been supported by data that indicates battered women are more likely to seek health care for stress related ailments than their non battered counterparts (Gerlock 374). It has been reported that upon studying of couples engaged in domestic violence related issues a number of underlying health issues arise. The most evident of these is the fact that the victims tend to suffer from a si gnificantly higher degree of physical injury due to the abuse (Gerlock 383). In relation to this point it has been noted that both the batterer and battered tend to suffer from increased psychological stress. Based on this possibility many victims in such relationships suffer depression which they attribute to the abuse (Gerlock 383).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above statement is supported by indications that the greatest impact of domestic violence identified by victims was on their mental health. The evidence of this is seen in reports that indicate that as many as two thirds of the victims attributed the depression they suffered to abuse (Gerlock 383). In similar fashion the men in these relationships also reported suffering from anxiety and depression as a result of their actions. The victims and aggressors also mentioned being affected by feelings of shame . In addition to this there were also indications that the abuse was causing cardiovascular problems in both men and women involved in such relationships (Starmer 382). However, the greatest number of complaints in all cases was reported by women or victims and depression was by far the most major mental health issue caused (Starmer 382). The need for early intervention It has been observed that approximately 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted at least once annually by a current or former papoose (Lundy and Grossman 297). This fact does not consider that repeat victimization often occurs in such instances which would push this figure to 4.8 million incidents on an annual basis (Lundy and Grossman 297). It is typically assumed that domestic violence is a young women’s issue affects and reduces with age (Lundy and Grossman 297). However, there is data that indicates that the trend is also evident in some older members of society. The behavior of these older vic tims suggests that if the trend is left unchecked abuse may be sustained throughout the relationship. It has been noted that a significant percentage of abused older women did not access some form of counseling to address their situation. It has been reported that only 57% of women aged above 65 attended counseling sessions for spousal abuse. This is a major contradiction when compared to the age group between 18-64 where it is reported that 71% would receive some form of counseling to address the abusive situation (Lundy and Grossman 307). In response to the issues related to abuse some of the services offered include the provision of shelters to provide safety from abusers. In the setting of abuse shelters it has been reported that only 4% of the population is composed of women above the age of 65 (Lundy and Grossman 307). It has been suggested that the services such as shelters appear inappropriate from women of this age group and as such there is a need to identify more suitable approach for these victims. The issue of age is especially important given that the population above the age of 85 may reach 21 million by 2050 (Lundy and Grossman 308). With such a significant increase in the population of the aged it is necessary to have in place appropriate techniques to deal with problems of this age group.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problem of Domestic Abuse against Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What has been done? Though domestic violence is a serious crime that has the capability of ruining lives, breaking up families and creating a lasting impact it has only been considered a serious crime for the last ten years (Starmer 10). Prior to this the crimes were mainly brushed under the carpet and handled with as minor domestic affairs. Since the change was made in legislation some progress has been made in the handling of these cases in court. The major difference is cu rrently a large number of domestic violence cases in the UK are prosecuted. It is reported that in 2001, the Crown Prosecution Services (CPS) did not even monitor domestic violence cases (Starmer 11). Prosecution of the cases began in 2004 and significant progress has been noted. In 2004/5 the CPS prosecuted almost 35,000 cases of domestic violence and by 2008/9 the figure stands at 67,000 (Starmer 11). The figures from 2009/10 indicate that the number is currently 74,000 suggesting that there has been significant increase in the seriousness given to these incidents. In addition to increased prosecution, the CPS reports that there has been significant progress at a deeper level. Following survey that was carried out on 1247 victims, 73% of the cases studied indicated support for the victim and has led signification reduction in the violence by the perpetrator (Starmer 11). As a result of this there has been a reduction in domestic crime within the country. This is supported by evide nce that domestic violence currently accounts for 14% of violent crime while in 1997 it accounted for 23% of violent crime (Starmer 12). Despite this progress with the cases the CPS still reports that the figure is high and there is need to do more. The above position is because of findings of a recent study which indicate 76% of the victims of domestic violence suffered severe abuse (Starmer 12). The severity of the abuse indicates incidents involving choking, strangulation, injuries, rape and sexual abuse. In light of the degree of violence associated with these incidents one can concur with the CPS that there is still more work to be done. Among the main problems encountered by the CPS in relation to domestic violence cases stems from the fact that in many trials the victims either fail to attend court or retract evidence. This affects as many as 9% of all prosecutions and is serious challenge.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Bostock, Jan, Maureen Plumpton and Rebekah Pratt. â€Å"Domestic Violence Against Women: Understanding Social Processes and Women’s Experiences.† Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology 19 (2009): 95-110. Print. Gerlock, April A. â€Å"Health Impact of Domestic Violence.† Issues in Mental Health Nursing 20 (1999): 373-385. Print. Lundy, Marta and Susan F. Grossman. â€Å"Domestic Violence Service Users: A Comparison of Older and Younger Women Victims.† Journal of Family Violence 24 (2009): 297-309. Print. Starmer, Keir. â€Å"Domestic Violence: The facts, the issues, the future.† International Review of Law, Computers Technology 25.1-2 (2011): 9-15. Print. This research paper on Problem of Domestic Abuse against Women was written and submitted by user Tinley Forbes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog eNotes Book Club March(Spring)

Book Club March(Spring) In this months installment of our book club series, we decided to follow the theme of â€Å"spring.† If youre looking for stories and poems that focus on rebirth, renewal, and new beginnings, read on! â€Å"The Sound Machine† by Roald Dahl When I think of spring, I think about gardening as a child with my grandmother. It’s a peaceful, relaxing time. I was lucky enough to stumble across Roald Dahl’s â€Å"The Sound Machine,† which explored the exact opposite feeling. Klausner, a small old man, builds a machine which he claims will allow him to hear sounds far too high- or low-pitched for the human ear to register, takes it out into the garden, and begins to hear screaming from the garden next door. It’s safe to say that Dahl’s work was a hit with everyone in the group. Some of us grew up reading his stories, and some of us had only been exposed to his adult fiction, but we all agreed that his experience in writing children’s stories came to his aid when writing â€Å"The Sound Machine.† His to-the-point writing style made us laugh out loud and created an access point for all of us to dive right into the story. An excellent balance between humor and horror, â€Å"The Sound Machine† is perfect for any group who wants an easy, delightful, and thought-provoking read. - Kate Five Prose Poems by Alexandr Solzhenitsyn For our spring-themed round of book club, I chose five Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ (translated as little ones) from Stories and Prose Poems by Nobel-Prize in Literature winner Alexsandr Solzhenitsyn: â€Å"Freedom to Breathe† (ДÃ'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ); â€Å"The Duckling† (Ð £Ã'‚Ã'‘Ð ½Ã ¾Ã º); â€Å"The Elm Log† (Ð’Ã' Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ±Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ½Ã ¾); â€Å"Reflections† (ОÃ'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ Ð ² Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã µ); â€Å"A Storm in the Mountains† (ГÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ° Ð ² Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã'…). Having spent time in Soviet prison and much of his life in exile, Solzhenitsyns poems are tinged with melancholy, with the notion that lifes joys are temporary. Yet, we all found that each expresses a quiet optimism, a resilience in spite of hardship. Whether observing the movements of a duckling or watching a thunderstorm in the mountains, elements of creation, renewal, and freedom abound in his poems. The group favorite was â€Å"Freedom to Breath,† the last line of which we felt most accurately conveys the experience of reading Solzhenitsyns poetry: As long as there is fresh air to breath under an apple tree after a shower, we may survive a little longer. - Wes Selections from English Renaissance Poets For our spring-themed round of readings, I selected a sestet of poems from the English Renaissance. The spring theme finds a threefold reflection in these verses: The Renaissance- literally â€Å"rebirth†- marked a cultural and intellectual replenishment after the comparative winter of the Middle Ages; the English Renaissance stands as the springtime of Modern English, when the language we speak today was first coming into bloom; and, finally, the great subject of English Renaissance poetry is courtship and romance, those most vernal of concerns. All six of the poems we read are love poems. Each takes up the topic of love or addresses a lover- or both. Sir Thomas Wyatt’s â€Å"Whoso List to Hount† is the first sonnet in the English language. The poem’s speaker tells of his failed attempts to capture a precious deer, a metaphor for a woman he cannot have. Lady Mary Wroth’s â€Å"Sonnet 23† depicts the all-consuming state of lovesickness through elegant metaphors of the restless mind at â€Å"hunt† and â€Å"hauke.† Sir John Suckling’s â€Å"I prithee spare me gentle boy† describes an experienced lover’s â€Å"sullen and wise† heart, which â€Å"like old hawks pursues that still / That makes least sport.† Katherine Philips’s â€Å"Against Love† excoriates the madness of men possessed by love: â€Å"raptures which are joys diseas’d.† Philips’s â€Å"Wiston Vault† broods on the tragedy of the human conditi on- â€Å"alike we must / Put off Distinction and put on Dust†- but finds some solace in love and friendship. Fulke Greville’s â€Å"Caelica: Sonnet VII† is a metaphysical musing on the nature of change and the ever-changing quality of nature. To return to the English Renaissance is to find an astonishment of poetic riches. - Zack â€Å"After Silence† and â€Å"The Mushroom Hunters†Ã‚  by Neil Gaiman When I think of spring in a literary sense, I first think of earthy, mossy tonal language- the words should taste like your first deep inhale on a crisp morning hike. I chose two poems by one of my favorite authors, Neil Gaiman, after coming across them on Brain Pickings, which were recommended to be read together as a set. They orbited my sought-after spring tone and, bonus, feminist and science themes. â€Å"After Science† celebrates the life of Rachel Carson (1907–1964), marine biologist and poet laureate of science, whose famous book Silent Spring helped spark todays environmental movement. The poems opening stanza starts us out right on theme: Seasons on seasons. The spring is signaled by birdsong coyotes screech and yammer in the moonlight and the first flowers open. I saw two owls today in the daylight, on silent wings. â€Å"The Mushroom Hunters† pays homage the first, according to the poem, â€Å"scientists,† who were the gatherers and foragers (who were, of course, women). Its closing stanza summarizes the entire work well: The scientists walk more slowly, over to the brow of the hill and down to the water’s edge and past the place where the red clay runs. They are carrying their babies in the slings they made, freeing their hands to pick the mushrooms. While both poems are widely beloved, they split our reading group into a few camps of thought- some raved while others just didnt â€Å"get it.†   All this tension can sometimes generate good discussion, though, and bring about interesting threads and perspectives to pull on and unravel. - Samantha â€Å"The Breeze† by Joshua Ferris Spring is about beginnings, new life, a sense of possibility- freedom stretching before you after â€Å"the sentence of a long winter.† For the protagonist of â€Å"The Breeze,† that freedom is both necessary and terrifying: a touching reminder of her humanity in the dull plod of daily routine and a fleeting moment that must be experienced to its absolute fullest extent in order to validate her choices. â€Å"The Breeze† is written as a series of moments in various timelines, deviating from a common start: Sarah asks her husband, Jay, to come home early so that they can â€Å"do something.† From there, variations of circumstance and choice- whether or not a table is available at a restaurant, whether or not to board a crowded subway car, and so on- split the story into divergent timelines with wildly different outcomes. It isn’t readily apparent which sections belong with which timeline, so that the varied narratives can’t all be clearly mapped as they bob and weave through the story. This sounds complicated, but the story’s anxious, indecisive structure forced us into the state of relaxed acceptance that we all wished for Sarah. â€Å"Night after night she was anxious not to miss out on . . . what? She didn’t know,† but she strives for it all the same, â€Å"trying to engineer spontaneity,† as Sam put it. Of course, this is an impossible task, but it’s one we all empathized with. As unlikeable as both Sarah and Jay are- recurrent across the timelines are the sort of passive aggressive â€Å"what do you want to do† exchanges that made some cringe and some furious- they are sympathetic. Engaging, relevant, and painfully relatable, this is a great story for talking over with some friends- as long as you don’t stress too much about how it’ll all turn out. - Caitlin â€Å"Easter Weekend† by Richard Duggin Springtime in Virginia, the air is â€Å"laced with a fragrance of magnolia and cherry†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and sometimes a burning body. Richard Duggin’s â€Å"Easter Weekend† may be packed with allusions to Easter, but there are no chocolate bunnies in this selection. This short read follows a young man’s visit to a crematorium where he observes the cremation of a human body. While this selection does not necessarily scream â€Å"Spring,† Duggin’s narrative comments on the cyclical nature of life to which we often associate with the season of rebirth and renewal. The description of the narrator’s experience is enhanced by his vivid details of the cremation process that makes readers feel as though they are witnessing the event alongside him. As the narrator pushes the coffin into the furnace, his initial childlike curiosity disintegrates into a numbing study of a burning corpse. To some, â€Å"Easter Weekend† may raise questions about the human rituals of death. To others, it may spark interest in visiting a crematorium. Regardless of how you interpret this selection, the narrative is a reminder of the ephemeral nature of life. –– Savannah

Grocery Store Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grocery Store Report - Essay Example Nutritionally Adequate Diet The menu for breakfast is just oats and fruits and hot cocoa mix. The oats is fiber food good for detoxicating body. Another requirement for good and proper diet is fruits. I choose cocoa milk for drinks because it is healthier than that of a coffee. The following are the preferred food choices for breakfast good for two weeks: Quaker crunchy oatmeal squares with brown sugar cereal 16oz: $4.95 x 2 = $9.90 Del Monte Peach halves in heavy syrup 15.25oz: $2.15 x 2 = $4.30 Del Monte Pear halves in 100% pure juice 15oz: $2.22 x 2 = $4.44 Del Monte Pineapple tidbits in 100% pure juice 4pk: $3.09 x 2 = $6.18 Nestle chocolate caramel hot cocoa mix 8pk: $1.99 x 2 = $3.98 Total: $28.8 Lunch and dinner will be prepared with rice meal and a choice between water and soda. I believe it is bad if we deprive ourselves with soft drinks. A happy meal is a healthy meal. It would not hurt us if we include soda in our menu. Our meal will be choice of protein foods chicken brea st, pork chops, and roast beef. Our body needs a complete meal. The carbohydrates and proteins are provided by meat and rice.

Business Plan F Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Plan F - Essay Example The solon business can manage to allure and create a large customer base. Many of our esteemed customers come from far distance to enjoy the services. In this regard, the salon management have opted to embrace change as far as our brand, services, products, activities are concerned. It is the ambitions of owners to serve the entire city of London, demand from clients, and procurement of professional beauticians that made the management embrace the transition and venture into mobile beauty. Two ladies own the venture; Jane Sever and Susan Comb. The two together one gentlemen form the management team of walking beauty salon. The salon’s premises are located in the Baker Street on the south side. Walking beauty has talented and qualified team of beauticians. Also, the management team has personnel qualified in the field of hairdressing and beauty. With a new venture and strategies in place, the walking beauty expects a growing reputation to attract new customers and other beauticians into the new venture. To shift to mobile beauty operation and achieve the set goal, walking beauty seeks a loan to finance the new venture sufficiently. The loan will be serviced from the cash-inflow of the business. The loan will also be collateralized by the firms assets and backed by the personal guarantees, experience and character of the management. The firm needs new and more assets to transform the firms ways of operation. The firm will require start-up capital for leasehold, assets, maintenance and improvements in to start a new operation. The requirements to start the operation are legal fees, premises deposits, van, dryers, large mirror, two sided mirror, assorted brushes and combs, electric razors, pairs of scissors, computer, printer and spray bottle. The depreciation of long-term assets will be based on a straight line method. Walking

Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each Essay

Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each other and from the Grand'Armee in general - Essay Example The Old Guards were the most prominent and were the creme de la creme of Napoleon’s infantry. In order to be admitted to this group, the aspirant should have at least 10 years of service, not exceeding 35 years of age, can read and write, with exemplary conduct, recognized for a brave act, and must at least have a height of 5’10 and 5’8 for grenadier and chasseur, respectively. Men who have received the Legion of Honor Award are admitted even without reaching the height marks. With this set of requirements, it is not surprising to learn that they were the battle-hardened veterans, the most bold, and the strongest amongst the guards. In fact, they were labeled as â€Å"The Grumblers,† â€Å"The Eagles,† â€Å"The Gaiter Straps,† or â€Å"The Supporters of the Usurper† (Yudice et al., French Guard n. pag). Another group is that of the Middle Guards, which was formed between 1806 and 1809. This group includes veterans with at least 6 years of service – the 3rd Grenadiers, the Amsterdam Veteran Company, corporals and privates of the 2nd Grenadiers, 2nd Chasseurs and Fusiliers, and the Velites of Florence and Turin (â€Å"The Young Guard in Action† 4). In 1811, after the disbandment of 1806 regiment units, this division was restored by admitting 500 men with 5 years of service along with 1,000 men coming from the battalions. The most notable account for Middle Guards was concerning their exceptional skills in artillery (Macready, qtd in Yudice et al., Napoleon’s Guard n. pag). Last of all three groups was the Young Guard, formed around 1809. This group was composed of â€Å"newly raised regiments† (Haythornthwaite 7), rigorously trained by Cadres who came from the Old Guards, as well as by the strongest and best educated Privates. The first trained regiments came out as strong and healthy men, as they flushed their martial air with their great stamina. Moreover, the Young Guards consisted of the best

Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell

Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell Using Interface Additive Rashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari Abstract Solar cell can be designed with photoactive layer of organic and inorganic materials. Organic materials, particularly polymers, are a promising alternative to traditional semiconductors as the active material for solar cell because of their low cost, low temperature energy processing, low material requirement, can be used on flexible substrate, can be shaped to suit architectural application. Low efficiency is one of the biggest problem with organic solar cell. In order to increase the efficiency of bulk hetero-junction organic solar cell we are using interface surfactant additive poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) with blend photoactive layer. Here we are reporting on the enhanced photovoltaic (PV) effects by means of a polymer bulk-hetero-junction (BHJ) layer having PCDTBT which is poly(N-9-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3†²-benzothiadiazole)) as a low-band gap e’ donor/HTL polymer and PC70BM which is [6,6]-phenyl C70 butyric acid methyl e ster as an acceptor/ETL, doped with poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) which is an interface surfactant additive. For PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell , we recorded 0.886 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 11.7 mA/cm2 short-circuit current density (JSC), and 47.3% fill factor (FF) and PCE of 4.9%. For PCDTBT:PCBM70:PTE organic solar cell, we recorded VOC of 0.904 V, higher values of JSC of 13.8 mA/cm2, FF of 48.2% and improved PCE of 6.0% for a PTE concentration of ca. 0.164 wt%. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaches to 6.0%, by the addition of PTE to a PCDTBT:PC70BM system which is much higher than a reference device not including the additive (4.9%). Increase in efficiency is because of the increase in lifetime of charge carrier, which is due to the existence of PTE molecules at the interfaces sandwiched between the BHJ photovoltaic active layer and the anode and cathode, in addition to the phase-separated BHJ domains interfaces. Keywords – Organic Solar Cell, PCDTBT, PCBM, PTE, IPCE, Bulk hetero-junction. Introduction The global rising demand for low-priced electricity has triggered deep research on solar cells comprising organic semiconductors. Organic solar cell (OSC) technology has received significant attention over the past decade due to the simple, flexible nature of polymer photovoltaics and the potential to develop a clean, cost-efficient renewable energy source. The key development of organic solar cells has been made with the pioneering concept of ‘‘bulk hetero-junction (BHJ)’’ photoactive layers [1-2].The bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) PSC [1][3] is of particular interest, due to the efficient photo-induced generation of charge in its blended photovoltaic (PV) layer, that is consisted of interpenetrating, channel-like domains of separated fullerene and polymer. Following the annealing of the BHJ structure at elevated temperatures, PSCs with PV layers of P3HT which is poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PCBM60 which is phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester have shown high pow er conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3-5%. Efficiency of P3HT:PCBM organic solar cell is upto 5% because of the limitations of conventional P3HT, whose bandgap lies at around 1.9 eV, which limits absorbance to wavelengths below 650 nm [4]. To improve the efficiency of PSC we need new active materials having lower bandgap to harvest more solar photons. More recently, a PCE of 5-6% was reported for a BHJ PSC that used a blend of PCBM70 and PCDTBT having a bandgap of 1.88 eV [5,6]. Using ‘processing additives’ PCE of organic solar cell can be increased [7-9]. To increase carrier lifetimes (reduce recombination loss) we modify the BHJ interfaces between the phase-separated domains of the donor-conjugated polymer and the acceptor fullerene, and added a non-ionic surfactant poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) as an additive to the PV layer. In this paper we investigated J-V characteristic and IPCE spectra of PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell with and without PTE. 1.1 Donor molecule Next generation HTL/donor material for organic photovoltaics is Poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2.7-diyl]-2.5-thiophenediyl-2.1.3 benzothiadiazole-4.7-diyl-2.5-thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT) shown in Fig. (1) which can produce better efficiencies and lifetimes. The main qualities of PCDTBT are lower HOMO and LUMO levels narrow band gap Increased open circuit voltage Longer wavelength absorption Lower concentration and material usage Improved stability under ambient conditions High electron and hole generation rate and high mobility of electron and hole. Fig. 1. Molecular structure of PCDTBT. 1.2 Acceptor molecule Extremely symmetrical cage-shaped molecules of carbon atoms is Fullerenes as shown in Fig. (2). For the separation of photoexcited exciton into free charge carriers blending of conjugated polymers (electron donor) with fullerenes (electron acceptors), is extremely efficient way. Fig. 2. Molecular structure of PC70BM. 1.3 PTE additive Poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) shown in Fig. (3) as an additive have low (- 8.1 eV) highest- occupied-molecular-orbital (HOMO) and high (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­2.1 eV) lowest-unoccupied-molecular- orbital (LUMO) [10–12]. Fig. 3. Molecular structure of PTE. Experimental Details The sample BHJ PSCs were fabricated in a sandwich structure with an anode of indium tin oxide (ITO) and an Al:Li/Al cathode. Patterned 80-nm-thick ITO glass was cleaned by sequential ultrasonic treatment in detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol, and then treated in an ultraviolet-ozone chamber for 15 min. Then, a ca. 40-nm-thick hole-collecting PEDOT:PSS buffer layer was spin-coated onto the ITO electrode. On the top of the PEDOT:PSS layer spin coat the blended solution of PCDTBT (0.456 wt%), PCBM70 (1.824 wt%), and PTE additive in dichlorobenzene. The PV layer was about 85 nm thick. Finally, for the cathode, a ca. 1-nmthick Al:Li alloy (Li: 0.1 wt%) layer and a pure Al (ca. 50-nm-thick) layer were created on the photovoliaic layer through thermal deposition (0.5 nm/s), at a foundation pressure below 2Ãâ€"10-4 Pa. The sample device structure studied was therefore [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE/Al:Li/Al] as shown in Fig. (4). The active area of the fabricated device was 3Ãâ€"3 mm2. For comparison, a reference PSC was fabricated with the structure [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCDTBT:PC70BM/Al:Li/Al] as shown in Fig. (5). In 100 mW/cm2 illumination intensity produced by an AM 1.5G light resource, the performance of the PSCs was measured,. With the help of a source meter (Keithley 2400) the photocurrent-versus-voltage (J-V) characteristics were measured. The IPCE (incident photon-to-current collection efficiency) spectrum were measured for the PSCs studied using an IPCE measurement system. Fig. 4. ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE /Al:Li/Al Organic Solar Cell. Fig. 5. ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ PCDTBT:PC70BM /Al:Li/Al Organic Solar Cell. Results And Discussion As shown in Fig. (6) for PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell , under an illumination of AM 1.5G and 100 mW/cm2, we recorded 0.886 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 11.7 mA/cm2 short-circuit current density (JSC) and 47.3% of fill factor (FF) and PCE of 4.9% a value comparable with those reported by others [6]. For PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE organic solar cell, we recorded VOC of 0.904 V, higher values of JSC of 13.8 mA/cm2, FF of 48.2% and improved PCE of 6.0% for a PTE concentration of ca. 0.164 wt%. These increased values resulted in an improved efficiency of 6.0%, which led to a PCE that was up to 22% higher than that of PCDTBT:PC70BM based organic solar cell. Fig. 6. The current-voltage characteristics of BHJ OSCs with and without the PTE additive. We further investigated the PV performance of the OSCs that incorporated the PTE additive by studying the IPCE spectra. Fig. (7) shows the observed IPCE spectrum of the PSC devices. It can be seen that the IPCE values are consistent with the variations in JSC for the OSCs with and without the PTE additive. The maximum IPCE was 73.0% at 470 nm for the sample device with the PTE additive, which corresponded to the highest JSC (13.8 mA/cm2 ), while the IPCE value was about 60.9% for the reference device without the additive, which had the lowest JSC (11.7 mA/cm2 ). Fig. 7. IPCE spectra of PCDTBT:PC70 BM OSCs with and without the PTE additive. Conclusions In conclusion, we have reported on the use of a low-bandgap PCDTBT:PC70BM-based PV layer that incorporates a PTE surfactant, which was used to the BHJ interfaces in OSCs. We have shown that BHJ OSCs that contain the interface PTE additive are more efficient than conventional OSCs. A high PCE (6.0%) was obtained for our PCDTBT:PC70BM (1:4 w/w) OSC device using 0.164 wt% of the PTE additive, which yielded improvements in PCE of up to 22%. This improvement may be attributed to the increased selective flow of dissociated charge carriers, not only at the interfaces of the PV layer and the electrodes, but also at the BHJ interfaces between the PCDTBT and PC70BM domains. Our findings show that a combination of PTE interface additives and high-performance low-band gap PV materials holds great potential for the development of a new generation of highly efficient OSCs. References [1] G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, A.J. Heeger. Polymer Photovoltaic Cells:Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions. Science, New Series, 1995, 270(5243): 1789-1791. [2] J.J.M. Halls, C.A. Walsh, N.C. Greenham, E.A. Marseglia, R.H. Friend, S.C. Moratti, A.B. Holmes. Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature, 1995, 376: 498–500. [3] C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, and J. C. Hummelen. Plastic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11(1): 15–26. [4] K. M. Coakley and M. D. McGehee. Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(23): 4533–4542. [5] S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beauprà ©, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger. Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%. Nat. Photonics, 2009, 3(5): 297–302. [6] J. Zhou, X. Wan, Y. Liu, F. Wang, G. Long, C. Li, and Y. Chen. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a poly(2,7-carbazole) derivative based on dithienosilole and benzothiadiazole. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 2011, 212(11): 1109–1114. [7] J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger, and G. C. Bazan. Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(7): 497–500. [8] G. Garcia-Belmonte and J. Bisquert. Open-circuit voltage limit caused by recombination through tail states in bulk heterojuction polymer-fullerene solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2010, 96(11): 113301. [9] Y. Liang, Z. Xu, J. Xia, S.-T. Tsai, Y. Wu, G. Li, C. Ray, and L. Yu. For the bright future-bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.), 2010, 22(20): E135–E138. [10] Y. I. Lee, M. Kim, Y. Ho Huh, J. S. Lim, S. Cheol Yoon, and B. Park. Improved photovoltaic effect of polymer solar cells with nanoscale interfacial layers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2010, 94(6): 1152–1156. [11] B. Park, Y. H. Huh, and M. Kim. Surfactant additives for improved photovoltaic effect of polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(48): 10862–10868. [12] J. H. Park, S. S. Oh, S. W. Kim, E. H. Choi, B. H. Hong, Y. H. Seo, G. S. Cho, B. Park, J. Lim, S. C. Yoon, and C. Lee. Double interfacial layers for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90(15): 153508.

rasputin Essay -- essays research papers

Rasputin: The Saint Who Sinned â€Å"It's good to know that if I act strangely enough, society will take full responsibility for me." Ashleigh Brilliant may have subconsciously considered the effect that society has on us all and how wound up we can all get into our lives, our beliefs, and maybe even our visions. Our visions are the most important thing to all of us and one day may get us into the most excellent position or the most hideous position. We always chose to believe what we want to believe no matter what the public tells us. Perhaps they wrapped Grigorii Yefemovich Rasputin up in life and society when he claimed to have a vision of Virgin Mary. At that point he was placed in a most excellent position, but remember we see and chose to believe only what we wish. From that one of the most mysterious and unusual life and death stories ever lived were of Grigorii Yefemovich Rasputin. The greatest events in this man's life can be found in his early life, the Russian influence he achieved, and the u nnatural death that has boggled the minds of many learned scholars. The early life of any child can be and is most of the time the most influential time of a child's life. The life of the parent's is, in that way, important to many. Someone can find passages into the life of the mysterious child. The parents of Grigorii Rasputin are of no exception. They have been apart of their children's lives. The mother of three, Anne Egorovna, took on the task of keeping together the home. The local custom was for the man to tend to the wheat crop and nothing more, and they did, in fact, follow local custom. The house, however, was not that of a wealthy peasant, having only one story. The father of Rasputin, Efimii or Evimii Andreevich, came to Siberia from Saratov, where he had trouble with the law. He was a carter working for the state, and he had passed out dead drunk by his horse on the way back from a fair, only to find that when he awoke someone had stolen the horse. They imprisoned him for losing state property (the horse). He served his term and mov ed east to Pokrovskoe. He established there and stopped drinking, won neighbors respect and married Anne. The two newlyweds bore three children, two boys and one girl, one of which was Rasputin. Grigorii was born on July 10, 1869 in the village of Pokrovsko... ...er and cause of death was drowning. According to an anonymous source, "Some would say that they had seen Rasputin leaving the city . . . of course none of this could be proven but it adds interesting spice to the story of a less than priestly priest whose healing powers seemed equaled by his seeming immortality. The part Rasputin played in Russian history has little to do with facts it comes from the tangled mass of hearsay and innuendo in which he was wrapped. It was not so much what Rasputin did but what he was rumored to do that mattered in history. In this respect he was, literally, a legend in his own time. The legend was known to the whole of Russia, the man to very few. Even the manner of his death was legendary, nor do the legends end with his death. Grigorii Yefimovich Rasputin lead one of the unusual and mysterious life and death stories ever lived. The early life, the Russian influence he gained, and the death of this amazing man all contribute to his legend. Many believed Rasputin was mad, but he was not mad he was a man of spiritual healing in an unknown form. Aristotle sums it up best in saying, "There was never a genius without a tincture of madness."